Which factors can establish hostility of a witness toward the party calling them?

• A. The weather
• B. The color of the court walls
• C. The witness's demeanor, plus other facts and circumstances, or a combination
• D. The witness's demeanor alone

Answer: (C)

Hostility toward the party calling a witness comes from bias or an adversarial stance, not from irrelevant surroundings. A witness’s demeanor—how they behave, their attitude, tone, evasiveness, or belligerence—can signal that hostility, but it isn’t the only thing the court considers. Other facts and circumstances can also show bias or opposition, such as prior statements, relationships, or interests that connect the witness to the case. When the witness’s demeanor suggests hostility and this is supported by other relevant factors, the witness may be treated as hostile. That combination is why the best choice highlights demeanor plus additional facts or circumstances. Weather or wall color has no bearing on hostility.