On direct examination, a witness is limited to the facts given in which source?

• A. On direct examination the witness may testify about the facts in their own entire memory.
• B. On direct examination the witness may discuss only opinions, not facts.
• C. On direct examination the witness may testify about any facts not in their statements.
• D. On direct examination the witness is limited to the facts given in their own written statement.

Answer: (D)

On direct examination, the witness is limited to the facts in their own written statement. This keeps the testimony consistent with what the witness has already disclosed to the court and opposing counsel, preventing the introduction of new, unanticipated information on direct. In this setup, the witness should not go beyond what’s contained in that written statement, even though memory or opinions might come into play in other contexts. The rule ensures the direct examination is focused, fair, and predictable.